It is necessary for large listed companies in different countries to Assignment

It is fundamental for huge recorded organizations in various nations to get ready budget reports utilizing uniform bookkeeping stand - Assignment Example Monetary bookkeeping and administrative bookkeeping manage the arrangement of bookkeeping reports that give data to dynamic. Money related bookkeeping manages the planning of budget reports, for example, the asset reports and the benefit and misfortune accounts. These are uncovered to both interior and outer clients. The inward clients incorporate the administration and representatives. The board bookkeeping manages the readiness of records that are utilized inside by the board for dynamic. Money related bookkeeping proclamations are dependent upon the investigation of untouchables; likely speculators, monetary establishments and financial experts contrasted with administrative records that are utilized inside by the executives (Ramanna and Sletten, 2009). Money related records give data on the budgetary position and position of the business though the board accounts give data to arranging, financial plans and controls for the executives dynamic. This clarifies why money related reco rds need to observe certain gauges contrasted with administrative records. Because of globalization, nations need to communicate in a similar language universally with the goal that the records created can be comprehended and improve financial specialist certainty paying little heed to the nation concerned. This paper decides to clarify what IFRS is, the contentions for and against utilizing uniform bookkeeping principles in the planning of fiscal summaries and the adaptability of the arrangement of the executives bookkeeping reports (Caroline, 2010). History of International Financial Reporting Standards The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) was framed to advance the selection of the IFRS so that there is overall consistency in monetary announcing paying little mind to where the association was found. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was framed in 1973 to plan norms that would be utilized by littler countries in making their own inside bookkeepi ng guidelines. This was prevailing by the IASB in 2001. GAAP is a fitting instrument for monetary announcing where associations work inside a country’s outskirts with reason. With globalization an organization may think that its hard to look at its budget summaries utilizing its GAAP without damaging the GAAP of another. IFRS were created because of the development of worldwide markets and the craving by multinationals and associations to have one regular arrangement of fiscal reports that can be seen universally. The IASB was ordered to grow excellent bookkeeping gauges that would lessen the expense of working together, increment productivity and give data to likely speculators. As of now, there are more than 100 nations that have received the IFRS. There are numerous nations that are supplanting the neighborhood gauges with IFRS, for example, the US (Armstrong, Barth, Jagolinzer, and Riedl, 2010). Advantages of International Financial Reporting Standards There is more notew orthy equivalence of budget summaries. Organizations from various nations can without much of a stretch look at their records. Utilizing various standards in the readiness would not be conceivable and useful for venture. The announcements can be analyzed in all the budgetary markets immaterial of where they were readied. Fiscal reports arranged utilizing IFRS are progressively adaptable as they are guideline based contrasted with nearby bookkeeping stan

Indians and the Westward movement essays

Indians and the Westward development papers The white individuals had now discovered our Country. The transportation issues confronting the country were as tremendous as the nation itself. Just a couple of streets for mentors and wagons extended between the states. Mentors and wagons likewise moved gradually, gradually. The 260-mile venture from New York to Boston, for instance, took 39 hours by stagecoach. The main different approaches to travel or move products were by little vessels, riding a horse or by walking. Slow, exorbitant vehicle was terrible for business. It could separate Americans in a single district from those in another. Let us tie the Republic along with an ideal arrangement of streets and trenches. Let us overcome space, John Calhoun said. States started to assume the test of building streets and channels. This transportation transformation hugy affected the regular day to day existence of Americans bringing about clashes with the Indians. The best, and generally brave, improvement of this period was the Erie Canal. The achievement of the Erie Canal opened the upper Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes area to settlement. A great many workers went into Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. Homestead items from this district streamed eastbound and their populace developed. Taken care of by the West, easterners could focus on exchange and assembling. Thusly, the westerners purchased the producers merchandise of the East. The achievement of the Erie Canal empowered more trench buildig in different pieces of the nation. It helped Americans push west looking for new grounds to cultivate; American triumphs during the war of 1812 had likewise squashed most Indian obstruction east of the Mississippi. What's more, there was a feeling of certainty and anxiety noticeable all around. Individuals were moving just to be progressing. Prior to this time, the lifestyle was altogether different. The approaches on transportation came additionally with arrangements on monetary turn of events. Before these approaches people created everything ... <!

Blog Archive Mission Admission Apply Now or Later

Blog Archive Mission Admission Apply Now or Later Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. As more and more candidates have asked us about the competitiveness of the upcoming admissions season, we have been pretty consistent with our advice. Although it is quite likely that application volumes will continue to surge, we remain “economically agnostic”. We suggest that candidates ignore external economic events and apply when the time is right for them, professionally and personally. After all, professional economists constantly disagree about the state of the economy and its path forward. Can we really say with certainty that the economy will “bottom-out” this year and that we will therefore see a peak in application volume this year? If the economy is in even rougher shape one year from now, should candidates wait an additional year after that? How long can forces that are out of your control prolong your quest for an MBA? We find that most candidates who are contemplating putting off their applications are not just concerned about the competitiveness of the application pool, but are also worried about the deteriorating job situation on campus.   Obviously, it is challenging to predict what the fulltime job situation will be like for candidates who are applying now and will be graduating in the spring of 2011.   While we would never ignore the importance of that first post-MBA job, we feel that many candidates focus exclusively on the short term rewards of the MBA and fail to consider the long-term value. With a long term view, (wherein candidates gain an enduring and transferable skill set) pursuing an MBA at the right time personally and professionally, regardless of external circumstances, is still a compelling proposition. Share ThisTweet Blogroll Mission Admission

Nora Helmer and Women in American Literature - 2063 Words

Women were valued very little by nineteenth century society. The treatment of these women was also extremely negative; they were expected to stay home and fulfill domestic duties. Literature of this time embodies and mirrors social issues of women in society. Henrik Ibsen uses Nora Helmer in A Doll House to portray the negative treatment of all women throughout society during the nineteenth century. Many women characters throughout American literature reflect the same conflicts and attitudes of Nora in Ibsen s play A Doll House. br brThe role of a woman was inferior to that of a man, especially in marriages. The main duties of a woman were centered around the home. They were expected to fulfill their domestic duties, such as caring†¦show more content†¦Miss Lawrence, you don t know men (Gilman 511). Mr. Beazley also tells Mrs. Beazley what do you women know about business, anyway! You just tell him you re perfectly willing and under no compulsion, and sign the paper..., which reiterates the fact that men dominated most economic issues (Gilman506). br brSociety s general attitude towards a woman was that her place in society was to be controlled or dominated by a male figure. It was thought that someone had to be on top and the men were the ones called to this leadership. Men felt that it was their duty and obligation to be socially dominating over women. br brIn A Doll House Torvald is very dominating over his wife, Nora. He controlled her as if she were his own personal property; Nora had to dress a certain way to satisfy her husband, and she also is forbidden by Torvald to eat macaroons. As he shakes his finger at her, Torvald asks, My sweet tooth really didn t make a little detour through the confectioner s (Ibsen 785). br brIt is implied that in Elizabeth Stuart Phelp s The Angel Over the Right Shoulder, the wife is also somewhat controlled by her husband. Mrs. James complains that because of her overload of domestic responsibilities, she never has any free time to herself. Mr. James, her husband, then replies, ...make up your mind to let the work which is not done, go undone, if it must. Spend this time on just those things which will be most profitable to yourself. I shall bindShow MoreRelated Nora Helmer And Women In American Literature Essay1939 Words   |  8 Pages Women were valued very little by nineteenth century society. The treatment of these women was also extremely negative; they were expected to stay home and fulfill domestic duties. Literature of this time embodies and mirrors social issues of women in society. Henrik Ibsen uses Nora Helmer in A Doll House to portray the negative treatment of all women throughout society during the nineteenth century. Many women characters throughout A merican literature reflect the same conflicts and attitudes ofRead More Comparing Edna of Kate Chopins The Awakening and Nora of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House 1038 Words   |  5 PagesEdna of Kate Chopins The Awakening and Nora of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Kate Chopins work, The Awakening, and Henrik Ibsens play, A Dolls House, were written at a time when men dominated women in every aspect of life.   Edna Pontellier, the protagonist in The Awakening, and Nora, the protagonist in A Dolls House, are trapped in a world dominated by men.   The assumed superiority of their husbands traps them in their households.   Edna and Nora share many similarities, yet differ fromRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1135 Words   |  5 Pagestwo protagonists named Nora Helmer and Edna Pontillier depict feminist ideals during the Victorian era in their struggle for independence, both sexually and emotionally. Nora and Edna are feminists in the late 1800s, trapped in an era and a society dictated by men. Both works parallel together and are significant because they show how Edna and Nora awaken, as their roles and self-realization progress in their respective families. Edna and Nora are emblematic of many women of this era whose rolesRead MoreThe Power of Relationship in Hemingways Cat in the Rain and Ibsens A Dolls House651 Words   |  3 PagesIn A Dolls House, for example, Nora Helmer acts on her own volition to help her husband. Her desire to act independently is subsumed by the patriarchal norms to which her husband and her friends like Christine Linde ascribe. The relationship between Nora and Torvald could potentially result in Noras self-implosion but instead, Nora chooses to extricate herself from the negative situation. Her leaving her husband represents the symbolic liberation of all women from the subjugation of patriarchyRead More The Feminist Movement in A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay examples1644 Words   |  7 PagesDolls House, the character of Nora Helmer goes through the dramatic transformation of a kind and loving housewife, to a desperate and bewildered woman, whom will ultimately leave her husband and everything she has known. Ibsen uses both the characters of Torvald and Nora to represen t the tones and beliefs of 19th century society. By doing this, Ibsen effectively creates a dramatic argument that continues to this day; that of feminism. We are introduced in Act I with Nora returning from Christmas shoppingRead MoreHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1529 Words   |  7 PagesNora and Christina Switch Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House questions the gender roles of women in society through its characters, namely Nora Helmer and Christina Linden, before and after marriage. What are gender roles exactly? Gender roles are the combination is specific gender stereotypes that consist of the perceptions of the society of what an ideal male/female should act like (Lindsey and Christy). This paper aims to question whether the gender roles of Nora Helmer and Christina Linden of HenrikRead More Gender Stereotypes in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Susan Glaspells Trifles 1836 Words   |  8 PagesTorvald Helmer treats his wife, Nora, and in the way Nora acts to please her husband. These include the beliefs that women are lesser people, childlike in their actions and in need of being controlled. Nora knows as long as she acts in accordance with the way she is expected, she will get what she wants from Torvald. The stereotypes and assumptions made in Trifles are those of the women being concerned o nly with trifling things, that they are loyal to the feminine gender, and that women are subservientRead MoreComparison essay -- Trifles and A Dolls House1460 Words   |  6 PagesTimes Call For Desperate Change People are capable of doing crazy things! Nora, in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, loved her husband so much that she committed forgery just for the sake of his wellbeing. Susan Glaspell’s character in Trifles, Mrs. Wright, murders her husband after she discovers that he killed the one most precious thing to her, her pet bird. It was out of love that these women committed illegal crimes. 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Marketing Strategy Report for NEXT PLC - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2283 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Marketing Strategy Report for NEXT PLC 1. Introduction In the following report the marketing strategies of Next PLC, a British based clothing and home products retailer will be researched and analysed before recommendations for possible improvements are provided. This report will analyse the company marketing strategy by assessing the marketing mix or the 4 Ps of product, price, place, and promotion as well as the environment in which the company operates. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marketing Strategy Report for NEXT PLC" essay for you Create order Once this is completed, an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the strategy will be conducted followed by recommendations on future strategy to ensure further growth. The Next brand was established in 1982 and now has over 500 stores in the UK while also operating internationally with over 180 overseas stores (Financial Times, 2015). Additional sales channels were added with the launch of Next Directory in 1988 before expanding to include online shopping in 1999 (Next PLC, 2015). This points to an early implementation of a multi-channel retailing strategy which has been a key factor in their growth and success, and they have established themselves as the most advanced multi-channel retailer in the country (Mintel, 2013). The main target market for Next has long been the middle class in 25-45 age range for both genders interested in mainstream fashion, although there may be a slight increased focus on womens fashion continuing on from the brands early strategy (Next PLC, 2015). The needs of customers are ever-changing and retailers such as Next must ensure their marketing and sales strategies are appropriate to the needs of the market (Chaffey and Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). 2. Market Evaluation The market is the location where merchandise can be bought and sold while marketing is the process of identifying target markets and setting strategies for product development, pricing, promotion and distribution (Armstrong et al, 2012). Therefore, to effectively analyse the companys marketing strategy it is important to understand the state of the current environment of the intended target market. The current economic climate has improved in recent years following the downturn of 2008, however, it is still fresh in the memory of consumers and conservative spending habits will remain for some time. However, despite constraints on disposable income, clothing purchases continued to be the preferred choice for excess income for consumers prioritising spending. This saw market growth throughout the year with sales increasing by 4.5% bringing annual consumer spend on clothing and accessories to  £49.8 billion in 2013 (Mintel, 2013). This is due to consumer confidence increasing throughout 2013 as the economy recovered and consumers feeling more financially stable (Elliot, 2013). Since its launch, Next has established itself at the top of the UK clothing market and accounted for 7.2% of all clothing retail sales in 2012, making them the second largest clothing retailer in the UK (Mintel, 2013). Following this success, they surpassed main competitor Marks Spencer and forecast higher annual profits for the first time (Ruddick, 2014). In a growing market that is in a strong position, Next is in a healthy position due to successful a Christmas period and superior sales and marketing strategies. 3. Marketing Strategy Analysis The marketing mix is a tool that can be used to easily prepare, on in this case, assess a marketing strategy and it consists of 4 Ps which are product, price, place, and promotion. Product and price relate to the product or service itself, whereas place and promotion relate to how the companys offering is delivered and made available to the consumer (Pride and Ferrell, 2012). Product This is what the business offers to customers to meet their needs or requirements. As mentioned, Nexts product is primarily mainstream fashion targeting the middle class of both genders in the 25-45 age range. As per the mission statement, the focus is to ensure high quality and fashionable designs for the customer (Next PLC, 2015). This also applies to the other departments and their focus on quality has been a major factor in their establishment as a brand and recent success in growth and gaining ground on competitors. Price This relates to the pricing strategy employed by the company and has a major impact on the whole strategy. As a result, pricing must be carefully considered to ensure it is in line with the customer expectations and perception of quality as well as the companys intended targets and branding. Nexts pricing strategy, just like the target market, occupies a middle ground that is neither market skimming nor penetration pricing. Rather, it occupies a neutral zone and portrays the image of quality and design at a suitable price for the target consumer. Penetration pricing is often used by new start ups seeking to gain sales and spread awareness by undercutting competitors, whereas skimming has the same target but aims to beat the competition through higher prices that imply better quality (Pride and Ferrell, 2012). While Next may have used such tactics in the past, it now has an established brand and more neutral pricing strategy. Being a mid-market retailer, this current neutral pricing strategy offers their established customer base continuity and familiarity as they know what to expect and helps to maintain the customers perception of quality. It also offers Next flexibility in pricing for promotional or seasonal purposes and allows the retailer to remain competitive across all its sales channels. Place This refers to the strategy put in place to allow the product to be put in front of or made available to the customer in a way which is appropriate and convenient. Next runs a clear multi-channel retailing strategy with various avenues whereby a customer can browse and purchase products. Next now has over 500 stores throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland (Next PLC, 2015) and this was the original channel the brand was built on and remains a crucial part of their strategy. Having several stores around the country allows Next to cast their net wide as well as increase convenience for the customers and enable the most important part of clothes shopping, the ability to touch and try them on (Spies et al, 1997). Stores add the human element to the company through sales advisors, customer service, and general shopping experience. A positive experience shopping in stores can turn an occasional shopper to a loyal customer (Shaw, 2013). Nexts other channels include the directory, a catalogue through which customer can order and receive their purchase by post, and the online channels through the website, mobile app and social media which allow Next to sell products as well as maintain communication with customers. These channels offer more choice to the consumer and allow Next to market their products more effectively to a larger target market. Ordering by catalogue or online gives the customer more options on how to shop and with fast turnaround from order to delivery it will suit customers with busy lifestyles (Cherry, 2008). The development and acceptance of new technology such as the internet and the smartphone has made these additional sales channel essential to meet the expectations of customers (Baker and Hart, 2007). Lifestyle changes have lead to changes in how customers wish to shop (Watson, 2012) and the busier social and working lives of potential customers means there is a greater need and demand for convenience (Weiss, 2009). Promotion This refers to the methods employed by the company to provide information and make potential customers aware of its products (Bates, 2012). Nexts promotion through advertising has been limited in recent years and often more focused on smaller campaigns, rather than large-scale advertising conducted by retailers such as John Lewis who are known for their television adverts. Nexts promotions appear to have shifted to focus online with communication, advertising and promotional offers all displayed on the official website. However, the online strategy is not solely reliant on their website and the increasing use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter has attracted much attention from the retailing world (Forbes and Vespoli, 2013). Next has fully utilised the potential social media offers with regular updates on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and photo sharing sites such as Instagram. By promoting offers and advertising their products to the millions of followers on their pages, often through the use of celebrities sporting their products, Next has bolstered its sales, profits and growth substantially. 4. Assessment The main strength for Next and their marketing strategy is their established brand, as evidenced by their recent successes. This means brand awareness is already present and their clear design philosophy that is both fashionable and affordable has allowed them to build a customer base of loyal, regular customers. This combined with their use of a multi-channel retailing strategy and effective utilisation of online sales and promotion has allowed them to gain a firm foothold at the top of the UK clothing market. Their products and pricing strategy is effective at targeting their target market and is current with the trends and needs of the customers. Next ensures it stays current with market requirements due to constant communication with customers through its multi-channel system while also providing more choice to the customer and ensuring customer loyalty (Loftus et al, 2008). Customers who use multiple channels are also more likely to spend more than those that dont (Shankar Winer, 2005) and this can only benefit Nexts accounts. A possible weakness in Nexts strategy is that while a target market is established and targeted effectively, the target market itself is rather broad. The customer specification covers a large age range in the middle market of the middle class. This can be seen as quite vague and can make it difficult to design, produce, and price products without a clear customer specification (Keillor, 2007). This may also explain another possible weakness, the lack of clear celebrity ambassador. With no clear customer image in mind, the company cannot recruit a well known individual to model and promote their products to the appropriate target market who seek to replicate the celebrity. 5. Recommendations With the rise of online shopping, most opportunities for Next will revolve around optimising and expanding their service to suit digital marketing. Next could use the data gathered through its multiple channels and social media to optimise store space to ensure that displayed products are those which are most popular, whilst the less-purchased items are saved for their online sites that require lower running costs. This will allow the store space to be optimised and used more efficiently, with less clutter and more in-demand items the stores will be more cost effective and should have a positive reaction from customers who find the items they seek to be clearly displayed, in stock and available in store. As mentioned in the assessment, Next may benefit from narrowing their target market to be more precise in their target customer specification. With a clearer target in mind, products can be produced that are more appropriate for the customer and this should result in an improvement in efficiency and profitability. It will also benefit the companys branding and promotions as they can recruit a brand ambassador that the target customer can relate to and seek to replicate (Lamb et al, 2010). While Next already has a large and successful online presence, these changes could allow them to better target their online demographic with appropriate imagery, advertisements and promotions which will help in strengthening their brand image, increasing sales, and attracting new customers. 6. Conclusion Next holds a strong market position in a marketplace that is steady and shows growth. Their marketing strategy has been consistent since its launch, targeting the same target market with quality, fashionable products at a reasonable price. Having always been an ambassador for positive change, embracing new sales channels and technologies, Next now has an established brand and customer base which shows the success of its marketing strategy. However, there is always room for improvement and while their current strategy has served them well, it can benefit from some optimisation that should ensure they remain at the top of the clothing market and remain ahead of competition that may threaten their position through more precise marketing strategies. 7. Bibliography Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R. (2012). Marketing: An introduction (Second Edition). Boston, Mass: Pearson. Baker, M. and Hart, S. (2007). The Marketing Book (Sixth Edition). Abingdon: Routledge. Bates, S. (2012). Brand recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ what do people say about you? Leader to Leader, 2012(65), 27-32. Chaffey, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012). Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice (Fifth Edition). Cambridge: Pearson Education. Cherry, R. (2008). Catalog: The illustrated history of mail-order shopping. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Elliot, L. (2013). Consumer confidence edges up as triple-dip recession fears recede. The Guardian. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/may/31/consumer-confidence-edges-up Financial Times (2015). Next PLC Business Profile. Financial Times. Available: https://markets.ft.com/research/Markets/Tearsheets/Business-profile?s=NXT:LSE Forbes, L. P. and Vespoli, E. M. (2013). Does social media influence consumer buying behavior?: An investigation of recommendations and purchases. Journal of Business Economics Research, 11(2), 107-111. Keillor, B. D. (2007). Marketing in the 21st Century. West Port, CT: Praeger. Lamb, C.W., Hair, J. F. and McDaniel, C. (2010), Essentials of Marketing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Loftus, B., Mulliken, J. and Sharp, J. (2008) The Multichannel Imperative. Boston: Boston Consulting Group. Mintel. (2013). Clothing Retailing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"UK October 2013-Next Group. London: Mintel International. Next PLC (2015) Our History. Next PLC. Available: https://www.nextplc.co.uk/about-next/our-history.aspx Pride, W. M. and Ferrell, O. C. (2012). Marketing. Boston: Cengage Learning Ruddick. G. (2014) Next Profits to Overtake Marks Spencer after Christmas Sale Surge, The Telegraph. Available: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10548020/Next-profits-to-overtake-Marks-and-Spencer-after-Christmas-sales-surge.html Shankar, V. and Winer, R. S. (2005). Interactive Marketing goes Multi-Channel. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 19(2), 2-3. Shaw, J. (2013). Shopping (First Edition). Cambridge: Polity Press. Spies, K., Hesse, F., and Loesch, K. (1997). Store atmosphere, mood and purchasing behavior. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 14(1), 1-17. Watson, T. J. (2012). Sociology, Work and Organisation (6th ed). Abingdon: Routledge. Weiss, Y. (2009). Work and leisure: A history of ideas. Journal of Labor Economics, 27(1), 1-20.

The Ups And The Downs Bipolar Disorder - 2236 Words

The Ups and the Downs: Bipolar Disorder Typically, a person experiences a spectrum of emotions both negative and positive, but they stay within a normal range. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that describes when a person has â€Å"extreme mood swings†¦ which typically shift between the heights of elation to the depths of depression.† (Nevid, Rathus, and Greene, 2013) Generally, a person suffering from Bipolar disorder will experience spurts of elation, or happiness, this is usually called the â€Å"manic period.† On the other hand, the person will also incur periods of depression, sometimes as severe as committing suicide. Bipolar disorder is categorized in two groups: Bipolar I and Bipolar II. The difference is whether or not the person manic episodes. For Bipolar II, a person must have a hypomanic episode which is a manic episode that is less intense and lasts for a shorter period of time. The bipolar spectrum consists of four main forms: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorde r, and bipolar disorder that cannot be classified. Bipolar I disorder requires a person to have at least one manic episode lasting seven days or more as well as depressive episodes that outnumber the manic episodes three to one. Bipolar II disorder is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression because the person experiences hypomanic episodes that are less severe and shorter than regular manic episodes. The depressive episodes outnumber the hypomanic forty to one. Cyclothymic disorderShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment854 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance at work or school or a recent break up. These feelings also can be brought about by a serious medical condition known as bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is when a person suffers from severe shifts in mood and energy. 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Sometime later, the energy goes away, and depression

Approaches to Curriculum Design free essay sample

The common approaches to curriculum design include child or learner-centered, subject-centered and problem-centered approaches. Child or Learner-Centered Approach Child or Learner-centered approach places the child at the center of education. It begins with understanding the educational contexts from which a child comes. It continues with the teacher evaluating the childs progress towards learning objectives. The curriculum is constructed based on the needs, interest, purposes and abilities of the learners. Teachers attempt to maximize student productivity, knowledge acquisition, skills augmentation and development of personal and professional abilities. Teachers may use a variety of instructional tools and methods, as well as flexible arrangements of time and place. This design considers the following: 1. A new respect for the child is fundamental. 2. A new freedom of action is provided. 3. The whole activity is divided into units of work. 4. The recognition of the need for using and exploring many media for self-discovery and self-direction is embraced. We will write a custom essay sample on Approaches to Curriculum Design or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Subject-centered Approach This approach prescribes different and separate subjects into one broad field. The characteristics of the subject-matter, and the procedures, conceptual structures or relationships which are found within or among the subject-matter, dictate the kinds of activities that will be selected. Curriculum makers who are developing a curriculum organized around a given subject-area; will look at the facts, concepts, and skills related to, or encompassed by, that subject area, and plan activities that will lead learners from their prior experiences into mastery of the elements of the subject area. This approach considers the following: ?The primary focus is the subject matter. ?The emphasis is on bits and pieces of information which are detached from life. ?The continuing pursuit of learning outside the school is not emphasized. Learning should only take place inside the classroom. ?The subject matter serves as a means of identifying problems in living. Problem-centered Approach The world where the learners live and will work in will require them to gather, organize, and interpret data in the process of finding solutions to complex problems. It would seem only logical to provide a classroom setting where they will face similar issues. In the real world, the problems they face will not be ones for which they are selecting answers from a set of multiple choices. This approach assumes that in the process of living, children experience problems. Thus, problem solving enables the learners to become increasingly able to achieve complete or total development as individuals. This approach is characterized by the following views and beliefs: ?The learners are capable of directing and guiding themselves in resolving problems, thus they become independent learners. ?The learners are prepared to assume their civic responsibilities through direct participation in different activities. ?The curriculum leads the learners in the recognition of concerns and problems and in seeking solutions. The learners are considered problem solvers.